TAG tag N/A DICTIONARY BOX tag_keys N/A HYPERETYMOLOGY hyperetym N/A CLASSIFICATION class N/A OLD ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY oe_etym {*x} >> [%,c] after front vowels is assumed by the standard authorities but, as there are no direct reflexes of this change in OE orthography, it is not clear whether palatalisation always occurred in this context nor what the output was. (Some modern WGmc languages, e.g. Dutch, Yiddish and Afrikaans, have unpalatalised velar or uvular fricatives after front vowels.) It is clear, however, that palatalisation of {*x} did in fact happen at point in the history of English: only in back environments was {*x} capable of yielding later developments to [f], e.g. << OE ; in front environments the fricative was lost instead, e.g. << OE . We therefore use [x] as a placeholder, to cover both [x] and the possibility of palatalised [%,c] after front vowels. $$ $$ Forms of this item could potentially trigger ((HL)), which apparently operated variably in Old English. The results of ((HL)) are not discernible from Old English spellings, while Middle English spellings indicate it unambiguously only rarely. Despite ((HL)) being an Old English sound change, it is therefore not specified in the Old English sections of CoNE etymologies. It is invoked in the MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY %- BASE PHONOLOGY sections only for those forms in which there is at least some evidence of its possible operation. For examples, see the description of ((HL)) in the Corpus of Changes. $$ $$ Paradigmatic variation may be expected for this item as a consequence of ((RA)). In the presence of a following back vowel, OE {*%q} >> [@a] via ((RA)), thus e.g. nom. sg. [word] >> vs nom. pl. [word] >> . $$ $$ Paradigmatic variation may be expected for this item as a consequence of ((MFV)). Morpheme-final voiceless fricatives undergo ((MFV)) in intervocalic positions, e.g. in the presence of a vowel-initial inflection. Because of the complementary distribution of voiceless and voiced variants in OE, the latter are written with the same as the former, thus e.g. nom. sg. [word] >> vs dat. sg. [word] >> . $$ $$ During OE, especially lOE, long vowels (including diphthongs) tended to shorten in certain contexts, see further ((PCS)) and ((TSS)). Vowel shortening is not normally discernible from OE spellings and so is not specified in the Old English sections of CoNE etymologies. ME spellings indicate it unambiguously only rarely and shortening is specified under MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY %- BASE PHONOLOGY only for those forms which show some evidence of its possible operation. $$ $$ MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY - INTRODUCTORY NOTES me_etym_intro In CoNe, the term "base' denotes the substance of a linguistic item minus any inflectional morphology. The base of a free morpheme is the same as its root. By extension we use it also to cover the substance of items that are bound morphemes, e.g. derivational or inflectional affixes. In the following section we identify all unique spellings of the base in LAEME CTT. A leading or trailing +, - or %: indicates that the form in question is attested only in combination with some other word-internal morpheme. (In LAEME format, - indicates that in the manuscript the elements are separated by a space, while + indicates there is no space between the elements in the manuscript text. %: is a CoNE convention used to indicate that the elements it divides are not treated as separate morphemes in LAEME.) Because of our uncertainty about the status of weak final vowels (see further [[Template Description]] under UNIQUE FORMS OF THE BASE ATTESTED IN LAEME), we list as unique any form that is distinguished from another only by the presence of such a vowel. However, we confine any commentary on the quality and potential significance of such vowels to the MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY %- MORPHOLOGY section. $$ $$ All examples of in the citation forms in the Old English etymologies in CoNE may be taken to have the insular "g' (<<%g>>). In the Middle English parts of the etymologies, forms cited from LAEME CTT differentiate insular "g' (realised as lower case g) from Caroline "g' (realised as uppercase G). All LAEME attestations below that contain uppercase G may therefore be taken to exemplify ((EOCG)), even where it is not separately specified. $$ $$ In the Middle English parts of etymologies, forms cited from LAEME CTT differentiate "%w', (realised as lower case w) from "w' (realised as uppercase W). Therefore, for any item going back to Old English, all forms attested in LAEME CTT that contain uppercase W may be taken to exemplify ((EOW)). $$ $$ Forms of this item could potentially trigger ((MEOSL)), which apparently operated variably from mid C13. These vowel lengthenings are not discernible from ME spellings and so, despite ((MEOSL)) being a Middle English sound change, it is invoked in MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY %- BASE PHONOLOGY sections only for those forms in which there is at least some evidence of its possible operation. See further the description of ((MEOSL)) in the Corpus of Changes. {In etymologies of VSK1 verbs with a short vowel in modern reflexes of Pathways %.C and %.D add the following:} For typical retention of the short vowel in reflexes of Pathways %.C and %.D forms see item (1) in the description of ((MEOSL)). $$ $$ Unique forms of TAG1 (<< TAG2)) and its own derivates (if any) are identified and accounted for separately in the etymology of TAG1. UNIQUE FORMS OF THE BASE ATTESTED IN LAEME laeme_unique N/A MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY - BASE PHONOLOGY me_etym_phon N/A MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY - PROBABLE OLD ENGLISH INPUT PARADIGM TO MORPHOLOGY me_etym_input The paradigm below is that of the -stem class, to which this noun belongs. $$ $${Caveat}: The absence of any asterisked forms in this paradigm need not imply that all forms of this verb were attested in Old English. The endings, however, are fully attested for this verb class, and the paradigm as presented can be taken to represent possible sources for any form(s) attested in LAEME CTT. $$ {Note also}: <%y> appearing in relevant inflectional endings is used as the default; it may be taken that for any inflectional <%y> in the paradigm, inflectional <%d> could potentially have been used in Old English. $$ $$ MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY - MORPHOLOGY me_etym_morph See {{Commentary on the Grammels}} for: (i) a key to sets of morphologically equivalent LAEME grammels; and (ii) an explanation of how each set of morphologically equivalent grammels corresponds to the probable Old English input paradigm(s). $$ $$ DERIVATIONS derivations For phonological properties of base see MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY - BASE PHONOLOGY above. For morphological properties of derivation(s) see below or, where indicated, see the etymology of the suffix for any inflectional endings. $$ $$ DERIVATION - COMPOUNDS compounds For phonological properties of base see MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY - BASE PHONOLOGY above. For morphological properties of base (if any) see below. DERIVATION - GRAMMATICALISATIONS grammatica For phonological properties of base see MIDDLE ENGLISH ETYMOLOGY - BASE PHONOLOGY above. $$ $$ EDITORIAL NOTES editorial_notes N/A CREATOR creator :~)